	ACADEMIC READING TEST 3		BOOK CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9 ANSWER KEY

	READING PASSAGE 1
		23	maintenance
1	YES	24	slow (turning)
2	NO	25	low pressure
3	YES	26	cavitation
4	NOT GIVEN
5	YES		READING PASSAGE 3
6	YES
7	NO	27	D
8	YES	28	F
9	H	29	B
10	F	30	E
11	A	31	A
12	C	32	C
13	B	33	IN EITHER ORDER; BOTH REQUIRED
			FOR ONE MARK
	READING PASSAGE 2		Jupiter
			Saturn
14	C	34	Solar system
15	E	35	IN EITHER ORDER; BOTH REQUIRED
16	A		FOR ONE MARK
17	C		sensors
	IN ANY ORDER		circuits
18	A	36	spares
19	D	37	radio dish
20	E	38	TRUE
21	F	39	TRUE
22	J	40	FALSE

READING PASSAGE 1 (TEST 3)

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Attitudes to language

It is not easy to be systematic and objective in language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education.

Language, moreover, is very public behaviour, so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticized. No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked.

In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference to pronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a version of the ‘standard’ written language, especially as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most closely reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write ‘correctly’; deviations from it are said to be ‘incorrect’.

All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th-century approach to the writing of grammar and dictionaries. The aims of these early grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to codify the principles of their language, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) they wanted to point out what they felt to be or be common errors, in order to ‘improve’ the language. The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterised by its reliance on ‘rules’ of grammar. Some usages are ‘prescribed,’ to be learnt and followed accurately; others are ‘proscribed,’ to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them.

These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarised in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18^th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language.’ Linguistic issues, it is argued, cannot be solved by logic and legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the Morden linguistic approaches to grammatical analysis.

In our own time, the opposition between ‘descriptivists’ and ‘prescriptivists’ has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people who do not care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarians have been presented as blind adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been presented in quasi-political terms-of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism.

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the write

NO, if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1. There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language

2. People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.

3. Our assessment of a person’s intelligence is affected by the way he or she uses language.

4. Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy in the 18^{th century}

5. Prescriptive still exists today.

6. According to descriptivists it is pointless to try to stop language change.

7. Descriptivism only appeared after the 18^thcentury

8. Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.

Questions 9-12

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.

Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.

The language debate

According to 9 ………, there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this approach to language place great importance on grammatical 10 …….. . Conversely, the view of 11 ………, such as joseph Priestley, is that grammar should be based on 12 ……

A descriptivists

D formal language

G modern linguists

B language experts

E evaluation

H prescriptivists

C popular speech

F rules

I change

Question 13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C OR D

Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.

What is the writer’s purpose in Reading Passage 1?

A to argue in favour of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar books

B to present a historical account of differing views of language

C to describe the differences between spoken and written language

D to show how a certain view of language has been discredited

THANKS FOR READING: Attitudes to language